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Friday, October 7, 2022

Corneille n’est pas l’Auteur 📚 Des Pièces de Molière

Corneille n’est pas l’Auteur
Des Pièces de Molière
Selon une nouvelle étude
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Par Le Figaro et AFP agence
Publié le 29/11/2019
Deux chercheurs ont effectué une étude qui tend à prouver que Corneille n’aurait pas écrit les pièces de Molière. 

VIDÉO - Depuis Boileau au XVIIe jusqu’au romancier Pierre Louÿs à la fin du XIXe, la paternité des œuvres fait couler de l’encre. Une étude linguistique menée par deux chercheurs prouverait l’inanité de cette polémique.
«Dans ce sac ridicule où s’enveloppe Scapin, je ne reconnais plus l’auteur du Misanthrope», dénonçait déjà, il y a plus de trois siècles, Boileau dans son Art poétique. Ce mystère, et surtout le doute bientôt attaché à la genèse des œuvres de Molière, fera l’objet d’une accusation de plagiat défendue par le romancier Pierre Louÿs à la fin du XIXe. Selon lui, Pierre Corneille aurait écrit tout ou partie des pièces de Jean-Baptiste Poquelin.
Aujourd’hui, une nouvelle étude scientifique menée par deux chercheurs du CNRS et de l’École nationale des chartes, qui se fonde sur une analyse statistique réalisée à l’aide d’un algorithme de linguistique, c’est-à-dire une reconnaissance des manières d’écritures d’un auteur, prouverait «scientifiquement» que Molière est bien l’auteur de L’Avare, du Malade imaginaire et de Tartuffe.
 
Molière et Shakespeare même combat?
En 1919 donc, le romancier français Pierre Louÿs affirma avoir dévoilé une supercherie littéraire: Molière n’aurait été que le prête-nom de Pierre Corneille, une polémique qui rappelle celle selon laquelle, derrière le pseudonyme de Shakespeare, se cachaient un ou plusieurs auteurs qui n’étaient pas le célèbre dramaturge anglais.
Ceux qui défendent cette théorie, relancée au début des années 2000, pensent que les styles des deux dramaturges montrent trop de similitudes. Et ils posent cette question: «comment un comédien, présumé sans grande éducation littéraire, à la fois valet de chambre du roi et directeur de troupe de théâtre, aurait-il pu écrire tant de chefs-d’œuvre», comme le rappelle une étude publiée mercredi dans la revue américaine Science Advances.
Florian Cafiero, ingénieur de recherche au CNRS qui a travaillé avec Jean-Baptiste Camps, maître de conférences à l’École des Chartes, semble désormais balayer cette interrogation, en affirmant: «Sur toutes les caractéristiques qu’on étudie, Corneille n’est jamais près de Molière. Le résultat est sans appel.»
 
Des algorithmes utilisés par les polices scientifiques
Le chercheur explique aussi pourquoi des «fausses» ressemblances peuvent apparaître lors d’une première lecture:
«Le théâtre du XVIIe siècle est très codifié, il y a la règle des unités, une versification elle aussi très codifiée, des manières de faire rythmer. Il y a des sources d’inspiration qui sont les mêmes. Tout va vite se ressembler.» Les conclusions de Florian Cafiero sont sans appel: «Molière fait partie de ceux qui s’isolent le mieux. Il s’identifie extrêmement bien. Il n’y a vraiment pas de doute.»
L’étude, qui se concentre principalement sur des comédies, repose sur l’analyse d’un corpus de 70 pièces, incluant d’autres auteurs du XVIIe, avant de le restreindre à 37 pièces de Corneille, de son frère Thomas Corneille, de Molière, de Rotrou et de Scarron. Les chercheurs ont utilisé la méthode dite de «linguistique computative» qui consiste à analyser statistiquement plusieurs caractéristiques, dont les préfixes, suffixes et même des mots de liaison comme «et», «de», et «si».
Ce savoir-faire comparatif est employé par les meilleures polices scientifiques du monde. Il sert notamment à confondre les corbeaux, les faussaires et les plagiaires. Pour Florian Cafiero, il serait un gage d’une vérité scientifique indiscutable: «Ces parties inconscientes de la linguistique, pour beaucoup, signent quel auteur on est.»
Au Cœur de l'Histoire:
L’affaire Corneille Molière
Franck Ferrand -  Jul 29, 2018  
C'est un tabou de la culture nationale que Franck Franck a choisi d'aborder de front: Molière a-t-il écrit ses pièces lui-même? Et si Pierre Corneille lui avait prêté main forte?
Ses invités :
Denis Boissier, Chercheur et rédacteur en chef du site corneille-moliere.org
Jean-Laurent Cochet, Comédien, metteur en scène, professeur de théâtre 
 
Sujets  Pierre Corneille    -   Shakespeare   -  Molière

Commentaires
  1. Raoul G - Cette nouvelle est stupéfiante, j'en suis bouleversifié! Quand le sommet comique de Corneille c'est la Place Royale... on voit que nos chercheurs n'ont grand-chose à faire de leurs 10 doigts.
  2. jeff3151 - C'est incroyable cette propension à vouloir refaire l'histoire ou à juger le passé. Quel temps perdu à vouloir tout détruire par ces gens qui ne sont pas capables de gérer le présent et encore moins d'assurer l'avenir des jeunes générations qu'ils ont en charge.Qui sont ils ces intello justiciers sinon des prétentieux stupides...
  3. José B - Et alors Victor Hugo ne serait pas non plus Honoré de Balzac ?C'est incroyable !
Books 📖 Literature 📚 French

Thursday, October 6, 2022

Misophonia 👂Do Certain Sounds Enrage You? 😡

🔇  Do Certain Sounds 🔇
Enrage You? 
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😡🗣🔉😣🔊 🦗⏲️😟
Neurologists May Know Why
The symptoms are far from new but there is still a lot to be discovered about misophonia.
Mental Floss Kate Horowitz
If the sound of a co-worker repeatedly clicking his pen can send you into a flaming furor, take heart: You’re not being hypersensitive, and you’re not alone. Neurologists in the UK have spotted physical differences in the brains of people with this sound-related rage, although whether these differences are the cause or the result of the disorder remains to be seen. The scientists published their findings in the journal Current Biology. 
The technical term for that noise-triggered irritation and rage is misophonia (“hatred of sound”). People who have it experience uncontrollable and intense negative emotions after hearing certain repetitive noises like chewing, lip-smacking, pen-clicking, and foot-tapping.
It’s a relatively
new concept within the medical community, although people have been complaining of symptoms for a long time. To those who’ve never experienced misophonia, it may sound silly or made-up—which is what many doctors have concluded. Others have categorized it as a form of anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The authors of the current paper wondered if the problem might not be psychological but neurological. 
They recruited 20 British adults with misophonia and 22 without, and gave them all questionnaires to gauge their responses to various noises. Then they put each participant inside MRI and fMRI machines and played them all sorts of noises, including the benign (a kettle whistling, rain), the universally unpleasant (a baby crying, someone screaming), and common misophonia triggers (breathing, chewing).
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As the researchers suspected, the results for the two groups looked very different. People with misophonia had more myelin, or insulation, around the gray matter in their prefrontal cortex.  
They also showed abnormal connections between this cortex and the anterior insular cortex, which is involved in processing information and emotions.
Hearing the trigger noises caused a spike in activity in both cortices for people with misophonia. For people without it, activity only increased in the prefrontal cortex. The trigger sounds also provoked a clear stress response in people with misophonia. Their heart rates increased and they began sweating.
Lead researcher Sukhbinder Kumar is a neuroscientist at Newcastle University and University College London. He says his team’s research should reassure people with misophonia and validate the condition’s existence to their doctors.
“Patients with misophonia had strikingly similar clinical features, and yet the syndrome is not recognized in any of the current clinical diagnostic schemes,”
said in a statement. “This study demonstrates the critical brain changes as further evidence to convince a skeptical medical community that this is a genuine disorder."
It also suggests a possible way of treating the condition. “My hope is to identify the brain signature of the trigger sounds,” Kumar said. “Those signatures can be used for treatment such as for neuro-feedback, for example, where people can self-regulate their reactions by looking at what kind of brain activity is being produced."
The Sounds That Are Unbearable
Misophonia explained
 
I've been wondering what the difference is between people finding sounds annoying and distressing. Here, we explore Misophonia, a sound sensitivity syndrome where people have strong emotional reactions to common sounds. We meet my friend Molly Templeton and clinical psychologist Dr. Ali Mattu to talk about the brain basis of Misophonia, trigger sounds, reactions and treatment.
Get your CURIOUS MIND hat! 🧠 https://store.dftba.com/collections/b... 
Molly's Misophonia on Reasonably Sound (recommended) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUZ2y...
And make sure you SUBSCRIBE to BrainCraft so you don't miss an episode 👉 http://ow.ly/rt5IE
BrainCraft was created by Vanessa Hill (@nessyhill) and is brought to you by PBS Digital Studios. Talking psychology, neuroscience & why we act the way we do.
Written, hosted, edited and animated by Vanessa 👩🏻‍🔬
Fact Checking: Bahar Gholipour
Camera: Dominique Taylor
Sound mix: Mike Rugnetta
References 🎼
Kumar, S., Tansley-Hancock, O., Sedley, W., Winston, J. S., Callaghan, M. F., Allen, M., ... & Griffiths, T. D. (2017). The brain basis for misophonia. Current Biology, 27(4), 527-533. http://www.cell.com/current-biology/f...
Commentary on that study: 
Sounds/Images:  
 
Misophonia is marked by an intense negative reaction to certain stimuli, usually sounds such as chewing, sniffing, throat clearing, whistling, slurping, knuckle cracking or other bodily noises. However, people with misophonia may also have strong reactions to other sounds like pen clicking, nail clipping, cutlery scraping, or rustling sounds. Occasionally, people have the reaction to visual stimuli was well, such as seeing someone chew with their mouth open. Misophonia may be heightened around certain individuals relative to others, and oftentimes it is more prominent with the sounds made by family members.

Emotionally, people with misophonia experience anger, panic, anxiety, and/or disgust in the presence of the trigger. This is experienced as intense and causes distress. Misophonia may co-occur with mood disorders and anxiety but can also occur alone.
Although research on misophonia is in its infancy, effective treatments are emerging. A combination of detailed and nuanced exposure therapy, along with stress management, can help individuals with misophonia tolerate these stimuli better. At our clinic, we treat misophonia using these best practices.

Do you know anyone with misophonia? 
Are you someone with misophonia? 
What kinds of triggers do you experience?

👂https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/91896/do-certain-sounds-enrage-you-neurologists-may-know-why

👂https://www.webmd.com/brain/ss/slideshow-misophonia-overview

👂🎤💥👄😠🗣🔉😡🔊🦗⏲️😣👠✂💣⏰☎💧📢🎈🎸🔇👂

Wednesday, October 5, 2022

What is a🌊 Storm Surge

Understanding Storm Surge
Bureau of Meteorology
👇         🌊         👇 👉 https://youtu.be/an5uDl2ftb8
 
 😧🌨️☔💦💨💧🌌🌊 🌀 🌪️⚡🌨️🌂⛆ 👀
Why Hurricanes Are Earth's Most Powerful Storms
The physics of the perfect storm…
👇         💨         👇 
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Learn more/references: “Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes” by Kerry Emanuel http://amzn.to/2aUY7P7 
Japan’s “kamikaze” winds may have been real: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ne...
“El huracán, su mitología y sus símbolos” Fernando Ortiz http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60338937
“Sea of Storms: A History of Hurricanes in the Greater Caribbean from Columbus to Katrina” Stuart B. Schwartz http://press.princeton.edu/titles/103... 
Emanuel, Kerry. "Tropical cyclones." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31.1 (2003): 75. 
Knutson, Thomas R., et al. "Tropical cyclones and climate change." Nature Geoscience 3.3 (2010): 157-163. 
“Hurricane Force” Roger Smith 2006 Phys. World 19 (6) 32 
Could we nuke a hurricane? http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C5...
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D. Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below! 
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😧🌨️☔💦💨💧🌌🌊 🌀 🌪️⚡🌨️🌂⛆ 👀
Why a Storm Surge
Can be the Deadliest Part of a Hurricane
It can start before a hurricane even makes landfall.
Storm surge, or coastal flooding, tends to be the deadliest aspect of hurricanes. As wind from the storm pushes water onshore several feet above the normal tide, it can trap people in their homes, wash away entire houses, and make rescue missions harrowing and slow.
👇         🌊         👇
In the US, the Eastern and Southeastern coastlines are among the most vulnerable areas for storm surges. Along the East Coast, hurricane Sandy produced a massive storm surge in 2012. On the Gulf Coast, places like Galveston, Texas and New Orleans have seen multiple hurricanes so they've built some infrastructure to help defend against excessive flooding. Levees, canals and seawalls are designed to stop or redirect rising water away from cities. But even those can be inadequate, when faced with an especially strong hurricane.
What really concerns experts, though, are places that don’t experience a lot of hurricanes but are still vulnerable to storm surge, like the coast of Georgia and Northern Florida. These areas have shallow water, which means sea level can rise faster and water can reach further inland making the flooding worse. But they’ve seen fewer hurricanes than the Gulf Coast and they are likely to be less prepared.
So when a major hurricane like Irma hits low-lying areas like these, the storm surge can be the first and deadliest thing headed their way
.

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😧🌨️☔💦💨💧🌌🌊 🌀 🌪️⚡🌨️🌂⛆ 👀
What is a Storm Surge
A storm surge is a change in sea level from the usual predicted tidal water levels driven by weather systems.
With nearly half of the world's population living near the coast, many are at risk of the destructive impacts of storm surges.
In this video, we look in detail at what drives a storm surge and how the direction of the wind, the shape and depth of the sea floor and coastal area can affect surge formation and height.
Because this is an in-depth video, links to supporting videos that cover some of the concepts discussed will appear at appropriate times.
👇         🌊         👇
Written and presented by Jodie Ramsdale
Animated by Mark Machin
Sound effects: Zapsplat
Thames Barrier plaque courtesy of Steven Craven
Storm surge at Hemsby courtesy of Evelyn Simak

👉 https://youtu.be/yyZVoLjVanA
😧🌨️☔💦💨💧🌊 🌀 🌪️⚡🌨️🌂⛆ 👀
What is a Storm Surge
Hurricane Ian one of the strongest to hit the U.S. in decades
MSNBC's Ali Velshi joins Shep Smith to report on the damage wrought so far by Hurricane Ian, a category 4 storm that is one of the largest ever to hit the state.
👇         🌊         👇
👉 https://youtu.be/6i4s439hjR4
 For access to live and exclusive video from CNBC subscribe to CNBC PRO: https://cnb.cx/2NGeIvi

😧🌨️☔💦💨💧🌌🌊 🌀 🌪️⚡🌨️🌂⛆ 👀
'Shark' Spotted Swimming
 in Flooded Florida Neighborhood
Photos and videos of sharks and other marine life swimming in suburban flood waters make for popular hoaxes during heavy storms.
👇         🦈         👇
👉 https://youtu.be/zYfmV8LxyWA
Subscribe to Guardian News on YouTube ► http://bit.ly/guardianwiressub
But a mobile phone video filmed during Hurricane Ian’s assault on south-west Florida isn’t just another fishy story.
A large, dark fish with distinct dorsal fins was filmed thrashing around an inundated Fort Myers backyard. Experts were divided over whether the clip showed a shark or another large fish. Nevertheless, some Twitter users nicknamed the hapless fish the 'street shark'.
Shark tale? Video of large fish in flooded Florida yard goes viral ► https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2...
😧🌨️☔💦💨💧🌌🌊 🌀 🌪️⚡🌨️🌂⛆ 👀
Man Films Possible Shark
in Floodwaters after Hurricane Ian
After Hurricane Ian struck Florida, causing widespread flooding and devastation, a man in Fort Myers spotted something peculiar in the flooding outside of his home. It looked like a shark fin peeking out of the water. Dominic Cameratta quickly filmed the animal swimming between the homes in his neighborhood. 
 👇         🐊🌊 🦈      👇
👉 https://youtu.be/Lxw3DvUFazw
😧🌨️☔💦💨💧🌌🌊 🌀 🌪️⚡🌨️🌂⛆ 👀
Hurricane Ian:
One for the History Books
Four days after Hurricane Ian made landfall in Florida, and then again in South Carolina on Friday, there are dozens dead, millions without power, and billions in damage. Correspondent Kris van Cleave reports on the aftermath of the catastrophic storm.
👇         🌊         👇
👉 https://youtu.be/3xlsR77vRQA 

🌪️ ⚡🌂🌨️☔ 🌨️ 💦💨💧🌌 🌀 ⛆   👀😧
😧🌨️☔💦💨💧🌌🌊 🌀 🌪️⚡🌨️🌂⛆ 👀

Tuesday, October 4, 2022

Molière 📚 II

Molière
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« Vivre sans aimer n’est pas proprement vivre »

“To live without loving is to not really live”

-Molière


Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (Molière) was born in Paris on January 15, 1622. 
His father was one of eight valets de chambre tapissiers who tended the king's furniture and upholstery, so the young Poquelin received every advantage a boy could wish for. He was educated at the finest schools (the College de Clermont in Paris.) He had access to the king's court. 
But even as a child, Molière found it infinitely more pleasant to poke fun at the aristocracy than to associate with them. As a young boy, he learned that he could cause quite a stir by mimicking his mother's priest. His mother, a deeply religious woman, might have broken the young satirist of this habit had she not died before he was yet twelve-years-old.
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The first of Molière's plays to be presented at the Petit Bourbon was Les Précieuses Ridicules or The Pretentious Ladies which satirized Madame de Rambouillet, a member of the King's court who had set herself up as the final judge of taste and culture in Paris. 

The play proved so successful that Molière doubled the price of admission and was invited to give a special performance for the King. 
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The King was delighted and rewarded the playwright with a large gift of cash, but Molière had made powerful enemies of some of the King's followers. 
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Madame de Rambouillet and her coterie managed to have performances of the play suspended for fourteen days and, in an attempt to drive Molière from the city, eventually managed to have the Petit Bourbon closed down completely. 
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But the King immediately granted Molière use of the Théâtre du Palais Royal where he would continue to perform for the rest of his life.
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Over the course of the next thirteen years, Molière worked feverishly to make his company the most respected dramatic troupe in Paris. (Eventually, they were awarded the coveted title "Troupe of the King.") He directed his own plays and often played the leading role himself.
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On February 17, 1673, Molière suffered a hemorrhage while playing the role of the hypochondriac Argan in The Imaginary Invalid. He had insisted on going through with the performance in spite of the advice of his wife and friends saying, "There are fifty poor workers who have only their daily wage to live on. What will become of them if the performance does not take place?" 

He passed away later that night at his home on the Rue Richelieu. The local priests refused to take his confession, for actors had no social standing and had been excommunicated by the church. Nor would they permit him to be buried in holy ground. 

Four days later, the King interceded and Molière was finally buried in the Cemetery Saint Joseph under the cover of darkness.

Molière left behind a body of work which not only changed the face of French classical comedy, but has gone on to influence the work of other dramatists the world over. 
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The greatest of his plays include The School for Husbands (1661), The School for Wives (1662), The Misanthrope (1666), The Doctor in Spite of Himself (1666), Tartuffe (1664,1667,1669), The Miser (1668), and The Imaginary Invalid (1673).
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Molière (2007)
France
Un film de Laurent Tirard avec Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini, Laura Morante, Edouard Baer, Ludivine Sagnier et Fanny Valette, France, 2006, 120 min. 

Laurent Tirard, le co-scénariste et réalisateur explique : 

« Il nous fallait orchestrer une rencontre imaginaire entre l’auteur et son oeuvre. Ce film devait avoir l’esprit des pièces de Molière et en même temps, refléter notre point de vue sur lui ».

Les Français maîtrisent la science du film d’époque avec une facilité déconcertante. Molière ne fait pas exception. Décors, costumes et dialogues concordent à donner au film un air d’authenticité. Toutefois, une déception guette les amateurs de biographies historiques. 
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Molière, comme c’était le cas avec Shakespeare in Love, est avant tout une fiction sur fond historique.

👇   📺   👇

The Language of Love
or
The Love of Language?
👇   📺   👇


Letter Scene
Romain Duris as Moliere and Laura Morante as Elmire in a scene from the movie Moliere.
"Mr. Tartuffe" "delivering" a letter from Elmire's secret admirer.
👇   📺   👇


Mirror Scene
👇   📺   👇