Free College Courses📚 Online 📖

📚 107 Free Online Courses 📖

From the Best Colleges in the US

Including 
📙 Princeton 📗 Harvard 📘 Yale 📕

Connie Chen - Mar 14, 2019 

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• Online learning sites Coursera and edX allow you to audit classes from top universities for free.
• For additional fees, you can gain access to course certificates, assignments, tests, and even receive a final grade.   
• Course topics vary widely - from business management to social justice, food science to structural engineering - there's something for everyone.  

Every year, US News & Reports releases its ranking of the top universities in the country. These schools are renowned for their rigorous academic and research programs, professors and faculty members with resumes packed with accomplishments, and beautiful campuses — but they're not easy to get into, nor are they affordable to attend.

Thankfully, online learning sites like Coursera and edX are helping to increase access to high-quality education for everyone. Their free and low-priced courses are taught by instructors from the best universities and academic institutions around the world, allowing anyone to advance their education, professional goals, or personal interests.  

Both Coursera and edX allow you to audit any course for free. You get access to course materials and follow along with the class as it progresses. For an additional $40 to $160 (depending on the course) on edX, you receive a verified certificate that you can include in your resume or on your LinkedIn profile. Meanwhile, expanded access to Coursera courses includes assignments, tests, and a final grade, and costs $29 to $99 per course.

Coursera and edX also each offer in-depth specializations that require some more commitment and help learners develop the professional skills that are in demand in their industries today.

A decade ago, you wouldn't have been able to easily take classes from these top-ranked schools. Now, you can. We rounded up the Coursera and edX courses from each of the schools so you can skip directly to your favorite university, or browse all that each has to offer.

Take Online Classes from the Following Top 14 Universities in the Country.

 
 1: Princeton University

Browse all courses from Princeton University at Coursera here 

• Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies, 4 weeks, available at Coursera
• Effective Altruism, available at Coursera
• Computer Architecture, 5 weeks, available at Coursera
• Imagining Other Earths,available at Coursera
•  Browse all courses from Princeton University at edX here
• Making Government Work in Hard Places, 8 weeks, available at edX
• Global History of Capitalism, 6 weeks, available at edX 
• The Art of Structural Engineering: Bridges, 8 weeks, available at edX

2: Harvard University

Browse all courses from Harvard University at edX here

• CS50's Computer Science for Business Professionals, 6 weeks, available at edX
• Science & Cooking: From Haute Cuisine to Soft Matter Science, 6 weeks, available at edX  
• Masterpieces of World Literature, 12 weeks, available at edX  
• The Opioid Crisis in America, 7 weeks, available at edX Data Science: R Basics, 4 weeks, available at edX 
•  Contract Law: From Trust to Promise to Contract, 8 weeks, available at edX 

3: University of Chicago

Browse all courses from University of Chicago at Coursera here

• Critical Issues in Urban Education, 11 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life, 10 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Internet Giants: The Law and Economics of Media Platforms, 9 weeks, available at Coursera

Browse all courses from University of Chicago at edX here

• Modeling Climate Change, 8 weeks, available at edX
• Critical Issues in Urban Education, 12 weeks, available at edX

 

4: Yale University

Browse all courses from Yale University at Coursera here

• Introduction to Negotiation, 5 weeks, available at Coursera
• The Global Financial Crisis, 11 weeks, available at Coursera  
• A Law Student's Tool Kit, 3 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Essentials of Global Health, 5 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Financial Markets, 7 weeks, available at Coursera  
• The Science of Well-Being, 6 weeks, available at Coursera
  

5 (tie): Columbia University

Browse all courses from Columbia University at Coursera here

• Construction Management Specialization, 6 months, available at Coursera
• The Age of Sustainable Development, 19 weeks, available at Coursera Financial Engineering and Risk Management Part I, 8 weeks, available at Coursera

Browse all courses from Columbia University at edX here  

• Statistical Thinking for Data Science and Analytics, 5 weeks, available at edX  
• Machine Learning for Data Science and Analytics, 5 weeks, available at edX  
• Demand and Supply Analytics, 12 weeks, available at edX 
• Artificial Intelligence (AI), 12 weeks, available at edX

5 (tie): M.I.T.

Browse all courses from MIT at edX here

• Introduction to Computational Thinking and Data Science, 9 weeks, available at edX  
• Just Money: Banking as if Society Mattered, 16 weeks, available at edX  
• Introduction to Computer Science and Programming Using Python, 9 weeks, available at edX  
• Supply Chain Analytics, 13 weeks, available at edX  
• Design Thinking for Leading and Learning, 6 weeks, available at edX  
• Circuits and Electronics 1: Basic Circuit Analysis, 5 weeks, available at edX  

5 (tie): Stanford University

Browse all courses from Stanford University at Coursera here 

• Algorithms Specialization, 4 months, available at Coursera  
• Organizational Analysis, 4 weeks, available at Coursera  
• International Women's Health and Human Rights, 8-11 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Child Nutrition and Cooking, 8 hours, available at Coursera  
• Stanford Introduction to Food and Health, 5 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Social and Economic Networks: Models and Analysis, 5 weeks, available at Coursera  

8: University of Pennsylvania

Browse all courses from University of Pennsylvania at Coursera here

• Business Analytics Specialization, 3 months, available at Coursera
• Business Foundations Specialization, 6 courses, available at Coursera  
• Foundations of Positive Psychology Specialization, 4 months, available at Coursera 
• Viral Marketing and How to Craft Contagious Content, 6 hours, available at Coursera  
• Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society, 6 weeks, available at Coursera  

Browse all courses from University of Pennsylvania at edX here

• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): A Strategic Approach, 4 weeks, available at edX
• Intellectual Property Law and Policy: Part 1, 6 weeks, available at edX  
• Programming for the Web with JavaScript, 4 weeks, available at edX  
• Robotics: Fundamentals, 12 weeks, available at edX  
• Hollywood: History, Industry, Art, 4 weeks, available at edX

9: Duke University

Browse all courses from Duke University at Coursera here

• Excel to MySQL: Analytic Techniques for Business Specialization, 5 months, available at Coursera
• Behavioral Finance, 9 hours, available at Coursera  
• Think Again IV: How to Avoid Fallacies, 10 hours, available at Coursera  
• Dog Emotion and Cognition, 11 hours, available at Coursera  
• Sports and Society, 2 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Programming Fundamentals, 4 weeks, available at Coursera

10: Caltech

Browse all courses from Caltech at Coursera here  

• Drugs and the Brain, available at Coursera  
• The Science of the Solar System, 7weeks, available at Coursera  
• The Evolving Universe, 7 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Getting Started in Cryo-EM, 18 hours, available at Coursera Browse all courses from Caltech at edX here  
• Principles of Economics with Calculus, 10 weeks, available at edX  
• Pricing Options with Mathematical Models, 10 weeks, available at edX  

11 (tie): Dartmouth College

Browse all courses from Dartmouth College at edX here

• Omnichannel Strategy and Management, 4 weeks, available at edX  
• Retail Fundamentals, 4 weeks, available at edXRetail and Omnichannel Management Professional Certificate, 8 hours, available at edX 
• Question Reality! Science, Philosophy, and the Search for Meaning, 6 weeks, available at edX 
• Introduction to Environmental Science, 4 weeks, available at edX 
• The Engineering of Structures Around Us, 5 weeks, available at edX

11 (tie): Johns Hopkins University

Browse all courses from Johns Hopkins University at Coursera here

• Data Science Specialization, 8 months, available at Coursera  
• Mastering Software Development in R Specialization, 3 months, available at Coursera 
• Systems Thinking In Public Health, 4 weeks, available at Coursera 
• Design and Interpretation of Clinical Trials, 3 weeks, available at Coursera 
• Major Depression in the Population: A Public Health Approach, 6 weeks, available at Coursera 
• Health for All Through Primary Health Care, 15 hours, available at Coursera
•  Toxicology 21: Scientific Applications, 6 weeks, available at Coursera

11 (tie): Northwestern University 

Browse all courses from Northwestern University at Coursera here

• Content Strategy for Professionals Specialization, 4 months, available at Coursera 
• Organizational Leadership Specialization, 6 months, available at Coursera 
• Social Media Marketing Specialization, 5 months, available at Coursera 
• Career 911: Your Future Job in Medicine and Healthcare, 5 weeks, available at Coursera 
• Scaling Operations: Linking Strategy and Execution, 7 weeks, available at Coursera
• Modern Robotics, Course 1: Foundations of Robot Motion, 4 weeks, available at Coursera  

14 (tie): Brown University

Browse all courses from Brown University at edX here

• Fantastic Places, Unhuman Humans: Exploring Humanity Through Literature, 3 weeks, available at edX
  
• Artful Medicine: Art’s Power to Enrich Patient Care, 3 weeks, available at edX 
• The Ethics of Memory, 3 weeks, available at edX

  

14 (tie): Cornell University  

Browse all courses from Cornell University at edX here 

• A Hands-on Introduction to Engineering Simulations, 6 weeks, available at edX  
• Wiretaps to Big Data: Privacy and Surveillance in the Age of Interconnection, 6 weeks, available at edX 
• Sharks! Global Biodiversity, Biology, and Conservation, 4 weeks, available at edX 
• The Science and Politics of the GMO, 5 weeks, available at edX 
• The Computing Technology Inside Your Smartphone, 10 weeks, available at edX Introduction to Global Hospitality

14 (tie): Rice University

Browse all courses from Rice University at Coursera here

• Investment and Portfolio Management Specialization, 4 months, available at Coursera
• Communication Skills for Engineers Specialization, 4 months, available at Coursera  
• Finance for Non-Finance Professionals, 4 weeks, available at Coursera  

Browse all courses from Rice University at edX here

• DNA: Biology’s Genetic Code, 6 weeks, available at edX
• Proteins: Biology's Workforce, 5 weeks, available at edX  
• Electricity & Magnetism, Part 1, 7 weeks, available at edX  
• Introduction to Mechanics, Part 1, 6 weeks, available at edX  

14 (tie): Vanderbilt University

Browse all courses from Vanderbilt University at Coursera here

• Android App Development Specialization, 4 months, available at Coursera 
• Business Essentials for Managers Specialization, 4 months, available at Coursera  
• Justice, Mercy and Mass Incarceration, 7 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Data Management for Clinical Research, 6 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Online Games: Literature, New Media, and Narrative, 4 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Understanding the Music Business: What is Music Worth?, 6 weeks, available at Coursera  
• Leading Innovation in Arts and Culture, 9 weeks, available at Coursera 

📖  📔   📙  📕  📗  📙    📘   📚 📒

https://www.businessinsider.com/free-online-courses-from-the-best-colleges-2018-4



https://www.businessinsider.com/free-online-courses-from-the-best-colleges-2018-4#11-tie-northwestern-university-13

 
📖  📔   📙  📕  📗  📙    📘   📚 📒

A Brief History of 🍷Wine and🙏 Religion

🥂 ‘ Let us Adore and Drink! ’ 🥂

🍷 🙏🏻 🍷 🙏 🍷 🙏🏾 🍷

🍷 A Brief History of Wine and Religion 🍷

In a letter to the Abbe Morellet in 1779, Benjamin Franklin mused that the strategic location of the elbow is proof that God desires us to drink wine.  After all, had God placed the elbow lower on the arm, our wine glass would never make it all the way to our mouths. Had the elbow been placed higher, our glass would shoot straight past our lips.

“From the actual situation of the elbow,” Franklin wrote, “we are enabled to drink at our ease, the glass going directly to the mouth. Let us, then, with glass in hand adore this benevolent wisdom; – let us adore and drink!”

Franklin’s contention was offered as lighthearted fun. But it does remind us that wine, more than other beverage, is intimately connected to celebration and worship.

 

🍷 Wine and Religion: Ageless Companions

The Egyptians, for example, associated several gods with wine as early as 4,000 BCE. Hathor, the Egyptians’ patron god of wine, was duly honored on a monthly “Day of Intoxication.”  

Similarly, the Greeks hailed Dionysus as the giver of all good gifts and identified him as the patron of wine. Dionysus was said to offer ecstasy and spiritual vision to his devotees. 

The Romans, meanwhile, believed that wine was bestowed upon the human race by Jupiter, the great god of air, light, and heat.  Nearly all Roman religious festivals coincided with important phases of the grape-growing and wine-producing agricultural cycle. 

Asian cultures, too, associate wine with the spiritual, as seen in the large casks of sake located at Japanese Shinto shrines and the placement of wine on the ceremonial altars honoring the Chinese god of prosperity.

The “cult of wine” has permeated both Judaism and Christianity since ancient times. In ancient Mediterranean culture, wine wasn’t a luxury – it was a staple of life, drunk by people of all classes and all ages. For this reason, it’s no surprise that Hebrew scripture depicts wine as a sign of God’s blessing (Genesis 27:28,  Deuteronomy 7:13,  Amos 9:24).

The Christian New Testament reports that Jesus’ first public miracle occurred at the wedding at Cana, where he turned water into wine. 

The Christian sacrament of communion illustrates how fully the subtle pleasures of wine drinking became associated with the spiritual urge to find both union with God and fellowship in a community of love. For centuries, Catholic priests preserved and propagated the skills of winemaking as they supplied sacramental wine to worshipers in the Old and New Worlds.

🍷 One Nation, under God – With Wine for All

The intimate association of wine and religion carried over to the American colonies. The Pilgrims began making wine shortly after they landed at Plymouth and used their wine to celebrate the first Thanksgiving in 1623.  

In 1697, Father Juan Ugarte led a small group of Jesuit priests from Mexico into the Baja region of California, where they immediately planted grapes to supply the mission with a reliable source of wine for celebrating Communion and to supplement the priests’ otherwise meager meals. 

New missions were eventually built in San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco – which, together, resulted in California becoming the wine-producing nucleus of the nation.

The religious settlers of America’s Midwest were no less interested in sharing wine as a way of forging community. The German Protestants who settled in Missouri, as well as those who founded Iowa’s Amana Colonies, discovered that drinking wine provided a sense of camaraderie and festivity that bonded them together in Christian community. Meanwhile – in what may come as a surprise to readers – during its early years, when congregations existed in places like Kirtland, Ohio and Nauvoo, Illinois, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints found that drinking wine produced altered moods conducive to religious fervor.   

🍷 Nectar of the Gods or ‘Cup of Devils’?

It’s no wonder, then, that the “wine question” was a point of debate among temperance advocates who pushed for the total prohibition of alcohol.

There were many social and cultural reasons for Prohibition, like concerns about economic efficiency, protecting women and children from alcoholic men, and safeguarding the nation’s Protestant heritage from Irish Catholic immigrants.

Still, lawmakers ensured that the “Medicine of Life to the Nations” would be protected. The passage of the Volstead Act that enforced Prohibition in the United States from 1920 until its repeal in 1933 was politically possible only by making provisions for the continued production of wine for both Christian and Jewish congregations.

Interestingly, in their zeal to promote Prohibition, many conservative Protestants argued that scriptural references to wine had mistranslated original texts: they claimed that scripture had intended to refer to simple, unfermented grape juice. While virtually no serious scholars support this view, it does remind us that many Christians find the consumption of alcohol to be a vice and substitute grape juice for wine in their religious services.

🥴 Thomas Welch, a Methodist minister turned dentist, was so strident in his opposition to alcohol that he perfected a process for removing the alcohol-producing yeast from grape juice. As his son, Charles, reflected, the Welch Company “was born in 1869 out of a passion to serve God by helping His Church to give its communion the ‘fruit of the vine,’ instead of the ‘cup of devils.’”

🤩 But Benjamin Franklin would have likely disagreed with Thomas Welch. 

🍷  Wine, Franklin wrote, is “proof that God loves us, and loves to see us happy.”

This article is part of The Conversation’s running series on wine.

https://theconversation.com/let-us-adore-and-drink-a-brief-history-of-wine-and-religion-35308

Prayer 🙏🏻 for the🙏🏾 Dead

Prayer for the Dead

🙏🏻 🙏 🙏🏾

Religions with the belief in a future judgment or a resurrection of the dead or of purgatory often offer prayers on behalf of the dead to God 

Bahá'í Faith

The Bahá'í Faith believes the soul continues to progress toward God in the afterlife. In fact the Bahá'í definition of heaven and hell are nearness and distance from God respectively. The belief is that souls can be aided in their progress by the saying of prayers for the departed. Here is a sample of one such prayer:  

O my God! O Thou forgiver of sins, bestower of gifts, dispeller of afflictions!
Verily, I beseech thee to forgive the sins of such as have abandoned the physical garment and have ascended to the spiritual world.
O my Lord! Purify them from trespasses, dispel their sorrows, and change their darkness into light. Cause them to enter the garden of happiness, cleanse them with the most pure water, and grant them to behold Thy splendors on the loftiest mount. 
 - ‘Abdu’l-Bahá

The Prayer for the Dead is a particular prayer for the departed said at Bahá'í funerals before internment

Buddhism

Along reading Buddhist sutras such as Sutra of The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, Amitabha Sutra or Diamond Sutra, Ritsu offer refuge, Pure Land Buddhists nianfo or chant Pure Land Rebirth Dhāraṇī and Tibetan Buddhists chant Om mani padme hum repeatedly. Prayers such as Namo Ratnasikhin Tathagata are for animals.

Christianity - New Testament

A passage in the New Testament which may refer to a prayer for the dead is found in 2 Timothy 1:16-18, which reads as follows:

"May the Lord grant mercy to the house of Onesiphorus, for he often refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain, but when he was in Rome, he sought me diligently, and found me (the Lord grant to him to find the Lord's mercy on that day); and in how many things he served at Ephesus, you know very well."

As with the verses from 2 Maccabees, these verses refer to prayers that will help the deceased "on that day" (perhaps Judgement Day, see also end times). It is not stated that Onesiphorus, for whom Saint Paul prayed, was dead, though some scholars infer this, based on the way Paul only refers to him in the past tense, and prays for present blessings on his household, but for him only "on that day". And towards the end of the same letter, in 2 Timothy 4:19, Paul sends greetings to "Prisca and Aquila, and the house of Onesiphorus", distinguishing the situation of Onesiphorus from that of the still living Prisca and Aquila. 

Prayer For The Dead

Tradition

Prayer for the dead is well documented within early Christianity, both among prominent Church Fathers and the Christian community in general. In Eastern Orthodoxy Christians pray for "such souls as have departed with faith, but without having had time to bring forth fruits worthy of repentance". In the Catholic Church the assistance that the dead receive by prayer on their behalf is linked with the process of purification known as purgatory.^[15][16] While prayer for the dead continues in both these traditions and in those of Oriental Orthodoxy and of the Assyrian Church of the East, many Protestant groups reject the practice.

The tomb of the Christian Abercius of Hieropolis in Phrygia (latter part of the 2nd century) bears the inscription: "Let every friend who observes this pray for me", i.e. Abercius, who throughout speaks in the first person.

The inscriptions in the Roman catacombs bear similar witness to the practice, by the occurrence of such phrases as:

• Mayst thou live among the saints (3rd century);
• May God refresh the soul of . . . ;
• Peace be with them.

Among Church writers Tertullian († 230) is the first to mention prayers for the dead: "The widow who does not pray for her dead husband has as good as divorced him". This passage occurs in one of his later writings, dating from the beginning of the 3rd century. Subsequent writers similarly make mention of the practice as prevalent, not as unlawful or even disputed (until Arius challenged it towards the end of the 4th century). The most famous instance is Saint Augustine's prayer for his mother, Monica, at the end of the 9th book of his Confessions, written around 398.

An important element in the Christian liturgies both East and West consisted of the diptychs, or lists of names of living and dead commemorated at the Eucharist. To be inserted in these lists was a confirmation of one's orthodoxy, and out of the practice grew the official canonization of saints; on the other hand, removal of a name was a condemnation.

In the middle of the 3rd century, St. Cyprian enjoining that there should be no oblation or public prayer made for a deceased layman who had broken the Church's rule by appointing a cleric trustee under his will: "He ought not to be named in the priests prayer who has done his best to detain the clergy from the altar."

Although it is not possible, as a rule, to name dates for the exact words used in the ancient liturgies, yet the universal occurrence of these diptychs and of definite prayers for the dead in all parts of the Christian Church, East and West, in the 4th and 5th centuries shows how primitive such prayers were. The language used in the prayers for the departed is asking for rest and freedom from pain and sorrow. A passage from the Liturgy of St James reads:

Remember, O Lord, the God of Spirits and of all Flesh, those whom we have remembered and those whom we have not remembered, men of the true faith, from righteous Abel unto to-day; do thou thyself give them rest there in the land of the living, in thy kingdom, in the delight of Paradise, in the bosom of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, our holy fathers, from whence pain and sorrow and sighing have fled away, where the light of thy countenance visiteth them and always shineth upon them.

Public prayers were only offered for those who were believed to have died as faithful members of the Church. But Saint Perpetua, who was martyred in 202, believed herself to have been encouraged in a vision to pray for her brother, who had died in his eighth year, almost certainly unbaptized; and a later vision assured her that her prayer was answered and he had been translated from punishment. St. Augustine thought it needful to point out that the narrative was not canonical Scripture, and contended that the child had perhaps been baptized.

Judaism - Main article: Yizkor

Prayers for the dead form part of the Jewish services. The prayers offered on behalf of the deceased consist of: Recitation of Psalms; Reciting a thrice daily communal prayer in Aramaic which is known as Kaddish. Kaddish actually means "Sanctification" (or "Prayer of Making Holy") which is a prayer "In Praise of God"; or other special remembrances known as Yizkor; and also a Hazkara which is said either on the annual commemoration known as the Yahrzeit as well on Jewish holidays.

The form in use in England contains the following passage: "Have mercy upon him; pardon all his transgressions ... Shelter his soul in the shadow of Thy wings. Make known to him the path of life."

El Maleh Rachamim is the actual Jewish prayer for the dead, although less well known than the Mourner's Kaddish. While the Kaddish does not mention death but rather affirms the steadfast faith of the mourners in God's goodness, El Maleh Rachamim is a prayer for the rest of the departed. There are various translations for the original Hebrew which vary significantly. One version reads: 

God, filled with mercy, dwelling in the heavens' heights, bring proper rest beneath the wings of your Shechinah, amid the ranks of the holy and the pure, illuminating like the brilliance of the skies the souls of our beloved and our blameless who went to their eternal place of rest. May You who are the source of mercy shelter them beneath Your wings eternally, and bind their souls among the living, that they may rest in peace. And let us say: Amen.

 

A record of Jewish prayer and offering of sacrifice for the dead at the time of the Maccabees is seen being referred to in 2 Maccabees, a book written in Greek, which, though not accepted as part of the Jewish Bible, is regarded as canonical by Eastern Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church: 

But under the tunic of each of the dead they found amulets sacred to the idols of Jamnia, which the law forbids the Jews to wear. So it was clear to all that this was why these men had been slain. They all therefore praised the ways of the Lord, the just judge who brings to light the things that are hidden. Turning to supplication, they prayed that the sinful deed might be fully blotted out. The noble Judas warned the soldiers to keep themselves free from sin, for they had seen with their own eyes what had happened because of the sin of those who had fallen. He then took up a collection among all his soldiers, amounting to two thousand silver drachmas, which he sent to Jerusalem to provide for an expiatory sacrifice. In doing this he acted in a very excellent and noble way, inasmuch as he had the resurrection of the dead in view; for if he were not expecting the fallen to rise again, it would have been useless and foolish to pray for them in death. But if he did this with a view to the splendid reward that awaits those who had gone to rest in godliness, it was a holy and pious thought. Thus he made atonement for the dead that they might be freed from this sin.

Jacques Le Goff, French historian and agnostic, concluded, "at the time of Judas Maccabeus-around 170 B.C., a surprisingly innovative period- prayer for the dead was not practiced, but that a century later it was practiced by certain Jews.”

This extract does not explain on what grounds Le Goff argued that prayer for the dead was not in use in the first half of the 2nd century BC. The account of the action of Judas Maccabaeus was written midway through the second half of the same century, in about 124 B.C., and in the view of Philip Schaff its mention of prayer for the dead "seems to imply habit".

How to Say the Mourners Kaddish

The Jewish Prayer of Mourning

Hinduism 

In Hinduism there are funeral speeches with prayers for the dead. Many of these funeral speeches are read out from the Mahabharata, usually in Sanskrit. Family members will pray around the body as soon as possible after death. People try to avoid touching the corpse as it is considered polluting. 

Islam -See also: Islamic funeral

In Islam, Muslims of their community gather to their collective prayers for the forgiveness of the dead, a prayer is recited and this prayer is known as the Salat al-Janazah (Janazah prayer).

The Janazah prayer is as follows:

like Eid prayer, the Janazah prayer incorporates an additional (four) Takbirs, the Arabic name for the phrase Allahu Akbar, but there is no Ruku' (bowing) and Sujud (prostrating).

Supplication for the deceased and mankind is recited.

In extraordinary circumstances, the prayer can be postponed and prayed at a later time as was done in the Battle of Uhud.

Dogma states it is obligatory for every Muslim adult male to perform the funeral prayer upon the death of any Muslim, but the dogma embraces the practical in that it qualifies, when Janazah is performed by the few it alleviates that obligation for all.

In addition, "Peace be upon him" (sometimes abbreviated in writing as PBUH) is a constantly repeated prayer for dead people such as Mohammed. 

Dua for the Deceased

Taoism

Taoists chant Qinghuahao (青華誥) or Jiukujing (救苦經).

Other religions

• Many spiritual traditions have prayers for the dead as part of their liturgy, whether these prayers are salutational, to welcome the spirits of the deceased, or to remember their names.
• African Traditional and Diasporic traditions often have incorporated ancestral veneration practices. In orisha based traditions, the mojuba is the praise chant which praises Olodumare, the orishas, the religious lineage, the blood lineage of ancestors, and the various other beings of the universe.
• Zoroastrians chant prayers for the dead in their funeral ceremonies, asking God to forgive the deceased.

Day of the Dead 💀Celebration of Life 🌹
Dia De Los Muertos
What is Day of the Dead?
👇 VIDEO  👇  
https://paulcpw.blogspot.com/2019/11/day-of-deada-celebration-of-life.html

🙏🏻 🙏 🙏🏾 🙏🏻 🙏 🙏🏾 🙏🏻 🙏 🙏🏾 🙏🏻 🙏 🙏🏾
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead

 

Halloween 🎃Videos 🧛‍♂️

👻 🧛‍♂️ Halloween  🎃 🧞‍♀️

 

🦇  👇 📺 👇 💀

 

 🎃🕸🍂🍁🌙☕️🕸🎃 👌🏻😄🍁☕️🕸🍂👻
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiyWaRqW7RXwu6ANay1601UVVMlg1TFAn

👺🎃👽☠️💀👻👿😈👹🎃 🤬🍂🍁🥱🙄🤥😈🔥👿👹👽 👾💀 🧙‍♀️🧙🧙‍♂️🧛‍♂️🧛🧟‍♀️🧟🧟‍♂️🧞‍♀️ 🧞🧞‍♂️ 🎃🕸🍂🍁🌙☕️🕸🎃 👌🏻😄🍁 🤬 😡🤗 🤡 👽 ☕️🕸🍂👻☕️🕸🍂👻 😈🕷️👻 🎃 🕸 👻 😈 🦇 ✨ 🕷️ 🎃👽☠️💀👻👿😈👹🎃👄👅👂🗣👤👥👶🧙‍♀️🧙🧙‍♂️🧛‍♂️🧛🧟‍♀️🧟🧟‍♂️🧞‍♀️🧞🧞‍♂️🧜‍♀️🧜🧜‍♂️👩‍❤️‍👨👩‍❤️‍👩👨‍❤️‍👨👩‍❤️‍💋‍👨👩‍❤️‍💋‍👩👨‍❤️‍💋‍👨👨‍👨‍👧‍👦

👻 Halloween 🎃 Pumpkin Art 🎃MoMA 🦇

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https://paulcpw.blogspot.com/2019/10/moma-halloween-pumpkin-art.html
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Halloween🎃 Classical Music

Halloween Classical Music

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CLASSICAL HALLOWEEN 
1 Mussorgsky - Night on Bald Mountain 00:00 
2 Prokofiev - Suite No. 1 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 64bis: No. 6, Death of Tybalt 11:16 
3 Mozart - Requiem, K. 626 Dies Irae 15:48 Confutatis & Lacrimosa 17:27 
4 Beethoven - Symphony No. 7 in A Major, Op. 92: II. Allegretto 23:04 
5 Vivaldi - The Four Seasons, “Summer”: III. Presto 32:05 
6 Litvinovsky - Suite for String Orchestra “Le Grand Cahier” II. Les Alertes 34:45 X. L'Incendie 36:56 
7 Shostakovich - String Quartet No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 110: II. Allegro molto (Arr. for Accordion) 39:17 
8 Brahms - Tragische Ouvertüre, Op. 81 42:05 
9 Shostakovich - String Quartet No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 110: I. Largo (Arr. for Accordion) 56:08 
10 Beethoven Fur Elise (Arr. for Cello) 1:00:31 
11 Mozart - Masonic Funeral Music in C minor, K. 477 1:04:11 
12 Litvninovsky Tales from the Magic Tree: No. 4, Spider Knows His Craft 1:08:56 
13 Cherubini - Marcia Funebre 1:15:07 
14 Caggiano - La Tomba del Busento (Symphonic Poem) 1:21:22 

1, 2, 5, 6: Metamorphose String Orchestra, Pavel Lyubomudrov 
3: Harmonia Cantata, Orchestra da Camera Fiorentina, Giuseppe Lanzetta 
4, 15: Orchestra da Camera Fiorentina, Giuseppe Lanzetta 
7, 9: Concertino Accordion Band 8: Olsztyn Philharmonic Orchestra, Marek Tracz 
10: Sarah Joy 
11, 13: International Symphonic Orchestra cond. by Silvano Frontalini 
14: Slupsk National Orchestra cond. by Silvano Frontalini 

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