Naturalism & Naturism

Naturalism

Philosophy &  Science

Naturalism (philosophy) is any of several philosophical stances wherein all phenomena or hypotheses commonly labeled as supernatural are either false or not inherently different from natural phenomena or hypotheses.

Methodological naturalism, naturalism that holds that science is to be done without reference to supernatural causes; also refers to a methodological assumption in the philosophy of religion that observable events are fully explainable by natural causes without reference to the supernatural

Metaphysical naturalism, a form of naturalism that holds that the cosmos consists only of objects studied by the natural sciences, and does not include any immaterial or intentional realities

 

 

Naturalist, a term for a person involved in the study of life forms, or "Natural history"

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Liberal naturalism, a heterodox form of naturalism in the conceptual space between scientific naturalism and supernaturalism

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Ethical naturalism, the theory that ethical terms can be defined in non-ethical terms, namely, descriptive terms mainly from the natural sciences

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Spiritual naturalism, an approach to spirituality that is devoid of supernaturalism

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Religious naturalism, religious institutions, rituals, doctrines and communities which do not include supernatural beliefs

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Humanistic naturalism emphasises scientific reasoning as a basis for humane behavior

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Sociological naturalism is the view that the natural world and the social world are roughly identical and governed by similar principles

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Political naturalism is a politic and legal system based on the belief in the existence of a fair natural law

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Naturalistic observation is an empirical method of study by which the researcher introduces no outside stimulus, instead witnessing behavior as it naturally occurs in the environment

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Poetic naturalism, an approach to naturalism which allows for there to be many useful ways of talking about the natural world, dependent upon the subject's frame of reference.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism

Naturism: the practice of "social nudity", often confused with the term "Naturalism"

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Naturism, or Nudism, is a cultural and political movement practicing, advocating and defending personal and social nudity, most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term may also refer to a lifestyle based on personal, family or social nudism.

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Naturism may take a number of forms. It may be practiced individually, within a family, socially or in public. Additionally, there is also militant naturism, including campaigning and extreme naturism is sometimes considered a separate category.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturism

The Arts

Naturalism (visual art), a style in painting and the visual arts

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Naturalism (literature), a literary style

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Naturalism (theatre), a movement in theatre and drama that began in the 19th century